About

About the Book

This collaborative book project is led by Celeste Pilegard, but represents the work of dozens of authors and collaborators listed below. Dr. Pilegard is an Assistant Teaching Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, San Diego. Correspondence can be sent to Celeste Pilegard.

Please use this Google form to let us know if you’ve used the book in your course. If you notice an error or would like to suggest an improvement, please use the GitHub site to open an issue or submit a pull request with the suggested change, use this Google form, or send an email with “Cognitive Foundations OER” in the subject line.

This book was formatted using the bookdown package.

Second Edition

The second edition of this book builds on the first edition with updates, improvements, and edits by a team of UC San Diego graduate student content experts:

Catherine Arnett (Language)
Pria Daniel (Attention)
Mohan Gupta (Long-Term Memory)
Leo Kleiman-Lynch (Reasoning and Decision Making)
Hayden Schill (Perception, Working Memory)
Anne Yilmaz (Memory in Context)

M. Gupta and C. Pilegard converted the book to bookdown. C. Pilegard redesigned the book layout, updated the chapters on History and Problem Solving, and edited all chapters.

The second edition of this book was supported by a Course Development and Instructional Improvement Program grant awarded to C. Pilegard. The program is sponsored by the Division of Undergraduate Education at the University of California, San Diego.

First Edition

The first edition of this book was aggregated from multiple Open Educational Resources by Celeste Pilegard. All adaptations, revisions, and transformations of source material were completed by Celeste Pilegard.

The original authors of the work remixed for the first edition of the book are listed below:

Mehgan Andrade, College of the Canyons
Mara Aruguete, Lincoln University
David B. Baker, University of Akron
Laura Bryant, Eastern Gateway Community College
Barbara Chappell, Walden University
Kathryn Dumper, Bainbridge State College
Frances Friedrich, University of Utah
William J. Jenkins, Mercer University
Arlene Lacombe, Saint Joseph’s University
Cara Laney, Reed College
Julie Lazzara, Paradise Valley Community College
Elizabeth F. Loftus, University of California, Irvine
Marilyn D. Lovett, Spelman College
Tammy McClain, West Liberty University
Richard Milich, University of Kentucky
Gregory Murphy, New York University
Barbara B. Oswald, Miami University
Marion Perlmutter, University of Michigan
Walter Roberts, University of Kentucky
Christie Napa Scollon, Singapore Management University
Heather Sperry, University of Akron
Rose M. Spielman, Formerly of Quinnipiac University
Charles Stangor, University of Maryland
Mark D. Thomas, Albany State University
Jennifer Walinga, Royal Roads University
Neil Walker, College of the Canyons
Authors of the Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Wikibook
Wikipedia authors

C. Pilegard authored original portions of the first edition where noted below.

Many thanks to the original authors for their work and for choosing open licenses.

License and Attributions

Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Front cover photo by Nathan Dumlao on Unsplash.

Licenses and attributions for individual chapters are noted in the following sections.

Chapter 1. History and Research Methods

First edition

Rise of Cognitive Psychology
Source: Spielman, R. M., Dumper, K., Jenkins, W., Lacombe, A., Lovett, M., & Perlmutter, M. (2014). Psychology. Houston, Tx: OpenStax.
Psychology by Spielman et al. is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Condensed from original

Source: Baker, D. B. & Sperry, H. (2019). History of psychology. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/j8xkgcz5
History of Psychology by David B. Baker and Heather Sperry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Condensed from original

Research Methods in Psychology
Source: Scollon, C. N. (2019). Research designs. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/acxb2thy
Research Designs by Christie Napa Scollon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Condensed from original; Example experiment under “Experimental research” changed to Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)

Chapter 2. Perception

First edition

Perception
Source: Stangor, C. and Walinga, J. Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition. Victoria, B.C.: BCcampus. Retrieved from: https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/ Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Changes and additions (c) 2014 Jennifer Walinga, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Condensed from Walinga version; American spellings used; Imperial measurements used; some content adapted to suit course.

Cover photo by Mathilda Khoo on Unsplash.

Chapter 3. Attention

First edition

Attention
Source: Friedrich, F. (2019). Attention. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/uv9x8df5
Attention by Frances Friedrich is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Condensed from original version; some content adapted to suit course.

Source: Milich, R. & Roberts, W. (2022). Adhd and behavior disorders in children. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/cpxg6b27
ADHD and Behavior Disorders in Children by Richard Milich and Walter Roberts are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Condensed from original version; some content adapted to suit course.

Cover photo by chuttersnap on Unsplash.

Chapter 4. Working Memory

First edition

Working Memory
Source: Multiple authors. Memory. In Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Wikibooks. Retrieved from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience
Wikibooks are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Condensed from original version. American spellings used. Content added or changed to reflect American perspective and references. Context and transitions added throughout. Substantially edited, adapted, and (in some parts) rewritten for clarity and course relevance. Chapter introduction added. Content added including transition from STM to WM approach, description of episodic buffer, description and evidence for working memory components, addition of episodic buffer.

Cover photo by Matt Briney on Unsplash.

Chapter 5. Long-Term Memory

First edition

Long term memory
Source: Stangor, C. and Walinga, J. (2014). Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition. Victoria, B.C.: BCcampus. Retrieved from: https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/ Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Changes and additions (c) 2014 Jennifer Walinga, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Condensed from Walinga version; American spellings used; Imperial measurements used; some content adapted to suit course.

Serial position curve information from: Andrade, M., & Walker, N. (n.d.) Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Psychology by Mehgan Andrade and Neil Walker is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution4.0 International License.

Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
Source: The following entries accessed from http:/www.en.wikipedia.org/ served as sources for this chapter: Memory Rehearsal; Levels-of-processing Effect; Testing Effect; Encoding Specificity Principle; Transfer-Appropriate Processing; Memory Consolidation.
Wikipedia text is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Chapter introduction added. Transitions and images added. Edited for content and clarity throughout.

Some encoding specificity principle information from: Andrade, M., & Walker, N. (n.d.) Cognitive Psychology.
Cognitive Psychology by Mehgan Andrade and Neil Walker is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution4.0 International License.

Cover photo by Julian Dik on Unsplash.

Chapter 6. Memory in Context

First edition

Memory in Context
Kinds of Memory Biases; Misinformation Effect
Source: Laney, C. & Loftus, E. F. (2019). Eyewitness testimony and memory biases. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/uy49tm37
Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases by Cara Laney and Elizabeth F. Loftus is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Condensed from original

Schematic Processing; Source Monitoring; Flashbulb Memories
Stangor, C. and Walinga, J. (2014). Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition. Victoria, B.C.: BCcampus. Retrieved from: https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/
Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Changes and additions (c) 2014 Jennifer Walinga, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Condensed from original; American spellings used; cultural references updated for American audience

Forgetting
Source: Spielman, R. M. OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX. http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@12.2. Psychology by Spielman (+ multiple authors) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Condensed from original

Cover photo by Markus Spiske on Unsplash.

Chapter 7. Knowledge

First edition

Knowledge
Introduction through Theories of Concept Representation
Source: Murphy, G. (2019). Categories and concepts. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/6vu4cpkt
Categories and Concepts by Gregory Murphy is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Condensed from original version.

Concept Organization
Source: Multiple authors. Memory. In Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Wikibooks. Retrieved from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience\ Wikibooks are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Condensed from original version. American spellings used. Content added or changed to reflect American perspective and references. Context and transitions added throughout. Substantially edited, adapted, and (in some parts) rewritten for clarity and course relevance.

Cover photo by Alli Elder on Unsplash.

Chapter 8. Language

First edition

Language
Source: Stangor, C. and Walinga, J. (2014). Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition. Victoria, B.C.: BCcampus. Retrieved from: https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/ Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Changes and additions (c) 2014 Jennifer Walinga, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Condensed from original; American spellings used; cultural references updated for American audience. Bilingualism reverted to Strangor version.

Sentence Processing section from Wikipedia entry (http:/www.en.wikipedia.org/), “Sentence Processing.”
Wikipedia text is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Cover photo by Eric Muhr on Unsplash.

Chapter 9. Reasoning and Decision Making

First edition

Reasoning and Decision Making
Source: Multiple authors. Memory. In Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Wikibooks. Retrieved from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience Wikibooks are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Condensed from original version. American spellings used. Content added or changed to reflect American perspective and references. Context and transitions added throughout. Substantially edited, adapted, and (in some parts) rewritten for clarity and course relevance.

Cover photo by Qurratul Ayin Sadia on Unsplash.

Chapter 10. Problem Solving

First edition

Problem Solving
Source: Multiple authors. Memory. In Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Wikibooks. Retrieved from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience Wikibooks are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Condensed from original version. American spellings used. Content added or changed to reflect American perspective and references. Context and transitions added throughout. Substantially edited, adapted, and (in some parts) rewritten for clarity and course relevance.

Cover photo by Pixabay on Pexels.